International patient guide

How to Choose a Dentist in Mexico

An evidence-based guide to selecting a qualified dental provider, understanding credentials, evaluating safety, comparing clinics, and making informed decisions before traveling.

Reading time
35–45 min read
Medically reviewed
Medical Review Board
Last updated
June 27, 2026

Medically reviewed by

Dr. Georgina Patricia Carabarin, DDS

Medical Reviewer

Editorial review

Evidence Review Lead

Editorial review

Last reviewed:
June 27, 2026
Last updated:
June 27, 2026
Reading time:
35–45 min
Version:
1.0
Version history
  • 2026-06-27Initial publication.
Use your browser’s “Save as PDF” option from the print dialog.

Mexico is one of the largest destinations in the world for international dental patients. The decision is rarely about the country itself — it is about a specific dentist, a specific clinic, a specific treatment plan, and a specific follow-up arrangement. This guide gives you the same framework an informed consumer in any country would use, applied to the realities of receiving care abroad.

1. Why thousands of international patients choose Mexico

For nearly two decades, U.S. and Canadian patients have crossed the border for dental work, and European patients now travel to coastal cities for full-arch reconstruction. The drivers are concrete and measurable, but each one deserves a balanced look.

Cost differences are real, but not uniform

Routine restorative work in Mexico typically costs 40–70% less than equivalent treatment in the United States, and complex full-arch reconstruction can be 50–65% less. The difference reflects lower labor costs, lower overhead, lower malpractice insurance premiums and a different reimbursement environment — not lower material quality when the provider uses the same brands. However, “cheap” quotes that fall below the local Mexican market average should raise questions, not enthusiasm. A quote 80% below the U.S. price is usually not the same treatment.

Technology is broadly available, but unevenly

High-end dental clinics in Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana, Cancún, Los Algodones and Cabo San Lucas often equip with the same cone-beam CT (CBCT), intraoral scanners, CAD/CAM mills and 3D printers you would see in a U.S. teaching hospital. Other clinics — sometimes a few blocks away — still rely on 2D panoramic radiographs and outsourced analog impressions. Technology in Mexico is not a country-wide constant; it is a clinic-by-clinic variable.

Proximity reduces, but does not remove, travel risk

For U.S. patients, border cities like Tijuana, Mexicali, Los Algodones and Nuevo Progreso are reachable by car. That matters for complications: a one-day drive back for an adjustment is feasible; a 14-hour transcontinental flight is not. For European or Asian patients flying to Cancún or Mexico City, the logistics are closer to the standard dental tourism calculus described in our travel guide.

Experienced providers exist — and so do inexperienced ones

Mexican specialists complete formal residencies, publish in international journals and lecture at ITI, AO and AACD meetings. Some of the highest-volume implant surgeons on the North American continent practice in Mexico. That does not mean the average advertised “dental tourism clinic” reflects that level. Volume, training and outcomes vary as widely in Mexico as they do anywhere else.

Common misconceptions

  • “Mexico = unsafe.” Country-level generalizations are unreliable. Safety is determined by the specific clinic’s infection control, the surgeon’s training, and the treatment plan — not by a flag on a map.
  • “Mexico = automatically cheaper for the same care.” Often true for transparent, well-equipped clinics. Not true when a quote omits CBCT, leaves out a temporary prosthesis, or substitutes a lower-grade implant brand without disclosure.
  • “Full mouth in 3 days.” Biology does not accelerate by geography. Osseointegration still takes weeks to months, and definitive restorations require time the marketing copy often omits.[5]

2. Is dental care in Mexico safe?

The honest, evidence-based answer is: it depends entirely on the dentist, the clinic and the treatment plan. There is no published peer-reviewed dataset showing that licensed Mexican dental specialists achieve worse implant survival, veneer survival or complication rates than U.S. or European peers when the materials, training and protocols are equivalent. There is also no dataset showing that all clinics in Mexico operate at that level.

What determines safety in any country

  • Operator training. A specialist trained in a university-accredited residency program will, on average, achieve better outcomes for surgical procedures than a general dentist performing the same procedure occasionally.
  • Infection control. Functional autoclave with biological monitoring, single-use disposables, dental unit waterline disinfection, and barrier technique — all consistent with CDC and WHO principles — reduce the rare but documented risks of cross-infection.
  • Diagnostic workup. CBCT for implants, periodontal charting, intraoral photography and articulated study models reduce planning errors that drive complications.
  • Material quality. Verified implant systems, FDA- or CE-marked ceramics, and lab-fabricated rather than chairside-only definitive restorations correlate with documented survival data.[6]
  • Follow-up. Peri-implant disease is detected through maintenance visits, not at the cementation appointment. A clinic with no follow-up plan has no way to catch problems early.[7]

Specific risks worth understanding

  • Continuity of care. A complication that appears six weeks after you return home is technically the responsibility of the treating clinic, but the practical burden falls on whoever you can see locally.
  • Compressed timelines. Marketing models that compress surgery, healing and final restoration into a single 5–7 day visit usually do so by skipping the integration period or by delivering a long-term temporary as if it were the final prosthesis.
  • Legal recourse. Malpractice frameworks in Mexico exist but differ from those in the U.S. or Canada. The Comisión Nacional de Arbitraje Médico (CONAMED) handles healthcare complaints; outcomes are typically mediation rather than large damage awards.

3. How dental education works in Mexico

Understanding the Mexican training pathway helps you interpret a dentist’s credentials accurately. The structure is broadly similar to the U.S. and Europe, with a few important differences.

Dental school

A Mexican dental degree (Cirujano Dentista or Licenciatura en Odontología) is a 4–5 year university program at institutions such as UNAM, IPN, Universidad Tecnológica de México, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Universidad de Guadalajara and ITESM. Programs include a social-service year (servicio social) typically completed in a public health setting. After graduation, the dentist must obtain a federal professional license (cédula profesional) from the Dirección General de Profesiones (DGP) of the Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP). The cédula number is publicly searchable; verify it for any provider you are considering.

Specialty training

Specialty training in Mexico (especialidad) is a separate 2–4 year full-time program after the dental degree. Recognized specialties include periodontology, endodontics, prosthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, oral pathology and dental public health. Each specialty issues its own cédula de especialidad. A dentist who attended a weekend “implant course” is not a specialist in any of these areas — that is continuing education, not specialty training.

Implantology as a discipline

Implantology is not an officially recognized dental specialty in most countries, including Mexico, the U.S. and the U.K. It is typically practiced by periodontists, oral surgeons, prosthodontists, or general dentists with advanced training. Recognized post-graduate certifications include those from the International Team for Implantology (ITI), the Academy of Osseointegration (AO), the American Board of Oral Implantology (ABOI), and the International Congress of Oral Implantologists (ICOI), along with university-based postgraduate diplomas.[2][3]

Continuing education and board certification

Mexican dentists are required to maintain their cédula but specific CE requirements vary by state and by professional society membership. Voluntary board certification through the Consejo Mexicano de Odontología and specialty-specific boards is a meaningful signal of ongoing engagement.

4. Which specialist should perform your treatment?

The right specialist is determined by the procedure, not by the clinic’s marketing label. A “cosmetic dentist” is a marketing term, not a credential. Use the table below as a starting framework.

SpecialistTrainingBest suited to perform
General dentist4–5 year DDS/DMD equivalent; no residencyCleanings, fillings, single crowns, simple extractions, whitening, basic veneer cases, restorative phase of implants under team supervision
Periodontist3-year residency after dental schoolGum disease treatment, soft-tissue grafts, crown lengthening, sinus lifts, implant surgery, peri-implantitis management
Oral & maxillofacial surgeon4-year hospital-based residency (some with MD)Complex extractions, large bone grafts, zygomatic implants, orthognathic surgery, IV sedation, pathology, trauma
Prosthodontist3-year residency in prosthetic dentistryFull-arch reconstruction, full-mouth veneer cases, complex bite reconstruction, implant prosthetics design, esthetic case planning
Endodontist2–3 year residencyRoot canal therapy, retreatments, apicoectomy, dental trauma involving the pulp
Orthodontist2–3 year residencyTooth movement, aligners, fixed appliances, pre-restorative alignment, orthognathic coordination
“Cosmetic dentist”Marketing term, not a recognized specialtyVariable. Look for AACD accreditation, prosthodontic training, or documented cosmetic post-grad programs.[4]

The most common quality mismatch is a general dentist performing complex implant surgery, large bone grafts, or full-arch reconstruction without specialty training or team support. This is not illegal in most jurisdictions, but the evidence consistently links operator experience to outcome.[5]

5. Credentials every international patient should verify

The verifiable minimum

  1. Cédula profesional — the federal license number, searchable at the SEP DGP website. Required for any dentist legally practicing in Mexico.
  2. Cédula de especialidad — the specialty license, required separately for any dentist claiming to be a periodontist, oral surgeon, prosthodontist, endodontist, orthodontist or pediatric dentist.
  3. University of graduation and year — a known Mexican or international institution.

Strong additional signals

  • Active membership in a recognized professional society: ITI, AO, ICOI, AAID, AAP, AAOMS, ACP, AACD, or the Mexican counterparts (AMCDP, AMEO).
  • Board certification through the Consejo Mexicano de Odontología or specialty consejos.
  • Documented implant training: ITI Education Group participation, AO membership, university-based implant programs.
  • Documented continuing education: hours per year, with sources.
  • Hospital privileges if performing IV sedation or major surgical procedures.
  • University teaching appointment — visiting professor, adjunct, lecturer.
  • Peer-reviewed publications listed in PubMed or Scopus.
  • Documented case volume: “places 200–400 implants per year” is a meaningful range for a specialist surgeon.
  • International lecturing at ITI, AO, EAO, AAID congresses.

6. Questions every patient should ask

Print this checklist and bring it to your virtual or in-person consultation. Listen for clear, specific answers; vague reassurances are themselves an answer.

Patient consultation checklist

  • How many implants do you place each year, and what is your reported 5- and 10-year survival rate?
  • What is your specialty training, and where did you complete your residency?
  • Will the same dentist perform both the surgery and the prosthesis, or is the team divided?
  • Who designs and fabricates the prosthesis? Is the laboratory in-house? May I have the lab's name?
  • Will I receive a written, itemized treatment plan and informed-consent document before paying?
  • Will a CBCT be taken and reviewed before surgery, and can I receive the DICOM file?
  • Which implant system do you use for my case, and why this brand?
  • What is the documented protocol if an implant fails to integrate?
  • Who provides emergency coverage after I return home, and what is the after-hours contact?
  • How are post-operative complications handled if I am back in my country?
  • Who performs the occlusal adjustment on the final restoration, and how many appointments are budgeted?
  • May I see standardized before-and-after photographs of cases you have personally completed?
  • May I see your sterilization area and ask about your biological monitoring frequency?
  • What sedation options are available, and who administers them?
  • What is included in the quoted price, and what is excluded (CBCT, temporaries, bone graft, adjustments, follow-up)?
  • What is your written warranty and what is excluded from it?
  • Will you provide a written referral letter and complete records for my home dentist?

Specific red answers: “We use whatever implant is best” (means: whatever is cheapest that week); “Our lab is the best in Mexico” (means: they don’t want to name it); “We don’t need a CBCT for this” on an implant case in posterior maxilla (means: they don’t have one); “Complications are rare so we don’t have a plan” (means: they don’t have a plan).

7. Understanding implant brands

Implant brand matters — not because cheaper systems automatically fail, but because the brand determines global availability of components, peer-reviewed long-term data, prosthetic compatibility, and whether your local dentist back home can service the system later.

Tier 1 — extensive long-term evidence, global availability

  • Straumann (Switzerland). SLA and SLActive surfaces with decades of independent literature, including high survival rates in smokers and compromised bone.
  • Nobel Biocare (Sweden/USA). The original Brånemark system and modern NobelActive/Replace; owner of the All-on-4 trademark.
  • Zimmer Biomet / ZimVie. Long clinical track record, widely available components.
  • BioHorizons. Laser-Lok surface, U.S.-manufactured, broad U.S. specialist adoption.
  • Astra Tech / Dentsply Sirona. OsseoSpeed surface, strong long-term data.

Tier 2 — well-documented, regionally strong

  • Neodent (Brazil, Straumann Group). Strong Latin American presence; many Mexican specialists place Neodent.
  • Hiossen (Osstem subsidiary, South Korea). Growing international evidence base.
  • MIS (Israel, Dentsply Sirona). Long history, widely used.
  • Implant Direct (Envista). Compatible with many older Nobel and Zimmer prosthetic platforms.

Lower-tier and unbranded systems

Generic, unbranded, or locally produced implants without published long-term clinical data, without verifiable surface chemistry and without globally available prosthetic components present a real practical risk: if a screw breaks five years later, your local dentist cannot order the part. This is the most common reason patients regret a bargain quote.

8. Technology checklist

None of these tools makes a dentist good. The absence of the relevant ones, however, makes certain procedures riskier than they need to be.

  • CBCT (cone-beam CT). Required for implant planning in most cases — quantifies bone volume, nerve position, sinus anatomy, and ridge width. A clinic placing implants without CBCT in 2026 is making decisions blind.
  • Intraoral scanner. Replaces traditional impressions for crowns, veneers and many implant restorations; improves accuracy and patient comfort.
  • CAD/CAM milling. In-house or lab-based design and milling of ceramic restorations.
  • 3D printing. Surgical guides, temporary restorations, study models, denture try-ins.
  • Digital Smile Design (DSD). A protocol, not a software brand — standardized photography, video, and digital mock-ups for cosmetic case planning.
  • Surgical guides. Static or dynamic guides translate the digital plan to the operating room and reduce placement error.
  • Standardized photography. AACD-style 12-photo series for cosmetic cases.[4]
  • Operating microscope or loupes. Standard in endodontics and high-end restorative work.
  • Digital records. The clinic can send you copies of your CBCT (DICOM), intraoral scans (STL), photos, and treatment plan.

9. Dental laboratory quality

Most cosmetic outcomes are determined in the laboratory, not at the chairside. A skilled ceramist working with a competent dentist will almost always outperform a celebrity dentist working with a cheap lab. Ask three questions: which lab, where, and who is the technician.

What to evaluate

  • Materials. Lithium disilicate (e.max), feldspathic porcelain, layered zirconia, monolithic zirconia for posterior. Each has appropriate uses.
  • In-house vs outsourced. In-house labs allow rapid iteration and direct communication. Outsourced labs can be excellent if they specialize. The risk is unnamed offshore labs with no quality control loop.
  • Customization. Cosmetic veneers require characterization and stratification, not monolithic milling alone.
  • Quality control. Try-in appointments, bisque-bake try-ins for porcelain, articulator-mounted models.
  • Communication. Photographs sent with each case, shade reference photos, video of the smile in motion.

10. Sterilization and infection control

The U.S. CDC and the World Health Organization publish infection prevention standards that any modern clinic, in any country, can meet. The standards are not a national secret; the gap is implementation.

What to look for

  • Class B autoclave with pre/post-vacuum cycles, capable of sterilizing wrapped instruments and handpieces.
  • Biological monitoring (spore tests) performed weekly with results logged.
  • Chemical indicators on every wrapped instrument package.
  • Instrument tracking — ideally a labeling system that ties each sterilized package to a load and a patient.
  • Single-use disposables for items that cannot be reliably reprocessed (needles, irrigation tips, cheek retractors of certain materials).
  • Barrier technique on chair, light handles, X-ray tubehead, computer keyboard.
  • Dental unit waterline treatment — chemical or filtration system that meets the EPA/CDC threshold of <500 CFU/mL heterotrophic bacteria.
  • PPE compliance — gloves, mask, eyewear, gown changed between patients.
  • Surgical asepsis for implant placement — sterile drapes, separate surgical suite or dedicated cleaning protocol.

You are entitled to ask to see the sterilization area. A clinic that refuses, or that has nothing to show, has answered the question.

11. Accreditation — what it means and what it doesn’t

Accreditation reduces, but does not eliminate, uncertainty. A JCI-accredited hospital is not the same as a JCI-accredited dental clinic, and most dental clinics in any country are not separately JCI-accredited. The relevant signals for a dental practice are usually smaller-scale.

  • JCI (Joint Commission International). Strong signal at the hospital level. Rare for stand-alone dental clinics.
  • ISO 9001 / ISO 13485. Quality management and medical-device handling standards.
  • AAID / ABOI. U.S.-based credentials in implant dentistry. Holding membership is meaningful; board certification (ABOI Diplomate) is a high bar.
  • AACD Accredited / Fellow. The most rigorous individual cosmetic dentistry credential, requiring submitted case documentation reviewed by peers.[4]
  • ITI Fellow / Member. International implant dentistry community with evidence-based protocols.[2]
  • Academy of Osseointegration Membership. Active engagement with implant research.[3]
  • EFP / AAP membership. Periodontal society membership.[8]

Accreditation tells you the provider has met a defined process or knowledge threshold. It does not guarantee outcomes, does not measure chairside skill on the day of your surgery, and does not replace the rest of the checklist.

12. Dental tourism planning

The travel itself is not neutral. Plan around the biology of the procedure, not the duration of your vacation. See our full travel guide for the general dental tourism framework; the items below are Mexico-specific add-ons.

Flights and timing

  • Avoid flying within 24–72 hours of significant oral surgery if possible. After sinus elevation, defer flying for 1–2 weeks to protect the Schneiderian membrane.[12]
  • Long-haul flights raise venous thromboembolism risk modestly; mobilize, hydrate, consider compression stockings.
  • Plan two trips for most implant cases — surgery, then final prosthesis after integration. “One-trip” protocols typically deliver a temporary, not a final restoration.[11]

Hotels and recovery

  • Choose accommodation within 15–30 minutes of the clinic, not on the other side of the city.
  • Ground-floor or elevator access if you anticipate sedation recovery or facial swelling.
  • Refrigeration for medication and cold packs.

Transportation

  • Do not plan to drive yourself for 24 hours after IV sedation or general anesthesia.
  • Confirm whether the clinic offers airport pickup; verify it is the clinic’s vehicle and driver, not a third-party intermediary you cannot vet.

Companions

  • A second adult is strongly recommended for full-arch surgery or sedation cases.

Medications

  • Clarify which prescriptions will be filled in Mexico, which you should bring from home, and how to manage anticoagulants or bisphosphonates around the surgical visit.[16]

Insurance

  • Travel medical insurance for medical (not dental) complications.
  • Dental work abroad is generally not reimbursed by U.S. insurance unless the policy explicitly states so.

Records to bring home

  • CBCT (DICOM files), pre- and post-op panoramic radiographs.
  • Surgical record: implant brand, diameter, length, lot number, torque value at placement, healing abutment used.
  • Prosthetic record: cement type or screw torque, occlusal scheme, lab name and materials.
  • Photographs before, intra-op, and after.
  • Written follow-up protocol.

Follow-up at home

Before you travel, identify a local dentist or specialist willing to see you for post-operative checks and to manage any complications. Most will charge their usual consultation fee. Bring the records above to the first appointment.

13. Red flags

Prices significantly below the Mexican market average for the procedure.
No CBCT taken before implant surgery.
No written treatment plan or informed-consent document.
No standardized before-and-after photographs of the surgeon&rsquo;s own cases.
Pressure to commit on the day of consultation, especially with same-day discounts.
Cash-only or wire-transfer-only payment policy.
No after-hours contact and no documented complication protocol.
Refusal to disclose the implant brand, lot number, or torque value.
Stock photography of smiles and clinical environments on the website.
All-positive online reviews on a single platform with no critical voices anywhere.
Marketing claims like 'full mouth in 3 days' presented as final, not provisional.
Refusal to provide the dentist&rsquo;s cédula or specialty cédula number.
Unwillingness to coordinate with your home dentist or to send complete records.
No defined warranty, or a verbal warranty that is not in writing.
Heavy package bundling that hides line-item costs (hotels, flights, transport inside the dental fee).

14. Green flags

Positive evidence of a quality-focused practice. None of these alone is sufficient. The cumulative pattern is what matters.

Itemized, written treatment plan with each component priced individually.
CBCT performed, reviewed and shared with you as DICOM files.
Standardized AACD-style photographic documentation of the surgeon&rsquo;s own cases.
Verifiable cédula profesional and cédula de especialidad.
Active membership in ITI, AO, AAID, AAP, AACD, or ACP with a verifiable number.
Documented continuing education hours per year.
Named, identifiable dental laboratory with technician contact and material specifications.
Tier-1 implant brand disclosed at the quotation stage.
Multi-disciplinary planning (surgeon + restorative + lab) for complex cases.
Defined written warranty with clear inclusions and exclusions.
Documented sterilization protocols including weekly biological monitoring.
Clear post-operative communication plan: who, how, when, in what language.
Willingness to send complete records to your home dentist on request.
Long-term published outcomes, peer-reviewed publications, or teaching appointments.
Transparent discussion of risks, alternatives, and the realistic timeline of integration.

15. Comparison tables

Mexico vs United States (typical cost ranges, USD)

ProcedureU.S. typicalMexico (high-end clinic)
Single implant + abutment + crown$4,500 – $7,000$1,500 – $2,800
Bone graft (socket preservation)$500 – $1,200$200 – $500
Sinus lift (lateral)$2,000 – $4,000$800 – $1,500
Porcelain veneer (per tooth)$1,200 – $2,500$450 – $900
All-on-4 (per arch, fixed final)$22,000 – $35,000$10,000 – $17,000
All-on-6 (per arch, fixed final)$28,000 – $45,000$12,000 – $22,000

Ranges are illustrative and vary by city, materials, brand and complexity. Quotes below the Mexico range may indicate substitutions; quotes above the Mexico range are not inherently better.

General dentist vs specialist for surgical implant placement

FactorGeneral dentist with implant CEPeriodontist / Oral surgeon
TrainingWeekend – multi-month CE courses3–4 year university residency
Typical annual volume10–80 implants/year200–800+ implants/year
Bone grafting capabilitySimple casesFull range including sinus lift and block grafts
Complication managementReferral requiredIn-house
CostOften lowerOften higher

Hospital-affiliated office vs small private office

FactorHospital-affiliatedSmall private office
Emergency supportOn-site or rapid escalationExternal referral
IV sedation / GAAvailable with anesthesiologistVariable
ContinuityMultiple providers, may rotateUsually one principal provider
CostHigher overheadLower overhead

In-house lab vs outsourced lab

FactorIn-houseOutsourced (named)
TurnaroundHours to daysDays to weeks
IterationRapid adjustments possibleSlower
SpecializationGeneralistOften highly specialized
RiskQuality tied to one technicianQuality tied to lab’s reputation

Titanium vs zirconia implants

Titanium has decades of long-term clinical data and the broadest prosthetic ecosystem.[5] Zirconia is a metal-free alternative with promising medium-term data and narrower prosthetic options.[14] See our detailed titanium vs zirconia comparison.

Immediate vs delayed implant placement

Immediate placement at extraction can shorten total treatment time but requires intact buccal bone, sound primary stability and operator experience.[11] Delayed placement after 8–12 weeks remains the most predictable approach in aesthetically critical sites.

All-on-4 vs All-on-6

All-on-4 uses two tilted posterior implants to avoid grafting and permits immediate provisionalization with strong long-term data.[13] All-on-6 distributes load across more implants with marginal mechanical benefit in adequate bone. See All-on-4 vs All-on-6.

16. Frequently asked questions

17. Scientific references

  1. 1. American Dental Association. (n.d.). Oral Health Topics: Implants. American Dental Association. View source
  2. 2. International Team for Implantology. (various). ITI Consensus Conference Proceedings. ITI. View source
  3. 3. Academy of Osseointegration. (various). AO Summit & Position Statements. Academy of Osseointegration. View source
  4. 4. American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry. (n.d.). AACD Photographic Documentation and Accreditation Criteria. AACD. View source
  5. 5. Moraschini V, Poubel LA, Ferreira VF, Barboza ES. (2015). Evaluation of survival and success rates of dental implants reported in longitudinal studies with a follow-up period of at least 10 years: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 44(3):377-88. View source
  6. 6. Howe MS, Keys W, Richards D. (2019). Long-term (10-year) dental implant survival: A systematic review and sensitivity meta-analysis. J Dent. 84:9-21. View source
  7. 7. Berglundh T, Armitage G, Araujo MG, et al. (2018). Peri-implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 45 Suppl 20:S286-S291. View source
  8. 8. Herrera D, Berglundh T, Schwarz F, et al. (EFP Workshop). (2023). Prevention and treatment of peri-implant diseases — The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline. J Clin Periodontol. 50 Suppl 26:4-76. View source
  9. 9. Chrcanovic BR, Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. (2015). Smoking and dental implants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 43(5):487-98. View source
  10. 10. Naujokat H, Kunzendorf B, Wiltfang J. (2016). Dental implants and diabetes mellitus — a systematic review. Int J Implant Dent. 2(1):5. View source
  11. 11. Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Maghaireh H, Worthington HV. (2013). Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different times for loading dental implants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (3):CD003878. View source
  12. 12. Pjetursson BE, Tan WC, Zwahlen M, Lang NP. (2008). A systematic review of the success of sinus floor elevation and survival of implants inserted in combination with sinus floor elevation. J Clin Periodontol. 35(8 Suppl):216-40. View source
  13. 13. Maló P, de Araújo Nobre M, Lopes A, Ferro A, Nunes M. (2019). The All-on-4 treatment concept for the rehabilitation of the completely edentulous mandible: A longitudinal study with 10 to 18 years of follow-up. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 21(4):565-577. View source
  14. 14. Hashim D, Cionca N, Courvoisier DS, Mombelli A. (2016). A systematic review of the clinical survival of zirconia implants. Clin Oral Investig. 20(7):1403-17. View source
  15. 15. Layton DM, Walton TR. (2012). The up to 21-year clinical outcome and survival of feldspathic porcelain veneers. Int J Prosthodont. 25(6):604-12. View source
  16. 16. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Aghaloo T, Carlson ER, Ward BB, Kademani D. (AAOMS). (2022). American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons' Position Paper on Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws — 2022 Update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 80(5):920-943. View source
  17. 17. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIH). (n.d.). Periodontal (Gum) Disease. NIDCR. View source